WWII & Making of Modern Asia/Pacific: China

This book presents a collection and analysis of original policy documents, newly translated into English, from a key period of Chinese development, providing both a current and a retrospective analysis of China's economic reform efforts. Topics dealt with include the evolution of Chinese economic strategy; economic planning and the spread of market mechanisms; technology transfer in industry; evolution of an agricultural system; the development of population policy; and foreign economic relations. The collection will be of great interest not only to scholars and students of Chinese studies, but also to professionals and social scientists concerned with China but unable to read source documents in Chinese.

outlines the experiences of China over the past two decades. It highlights the processes of reform, successes achieved, and problems faced during the economic transition.

This volume focuses on Chinese economic statecraft during the first decade of Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening-up policies, from 1978 to 1989. During these years, Chinese economic engagement with the external world was tentative and experimental, with long-term strategies still decidedly under development.  Prominent topics covered are China's efforts to steer an economic course tailored to and representing what Deng Xiaoping famously described as "socialism with Chinese characteristics"; China's quest for advanced science and technology; China's dealings with international economic institutions, especially the World Bank; China's engagement with other powers, including Japan, the United States, the ASEAN nations, and Europe; and the role of non-governmental organizations, including foreign policy think tanks, exchange groups, and educational institutions, in developing Chinese economic thinking and methodology during this decade.  Contributors also focus on how elements of the Chinese military turned to building China's new economic infrastructure, and on Chinese efforts to break into foreign markets. The volume ends with an overview and reassessment of earlier findings on Chinese economic statecraft in these years, by one of the leading Chinese experts on the PRC's international policy.

A momentous debate has been unfolding in China over the last fifteen years, only intermittently in public view, concerning the merits of socialism as a philosophy of social justice and as a program for national development. Just as Deng Xiaoping's better advertised experiment with market- based reforms has challenged Marxist-Leninist dogma on economic policy, the years since the death of Mao Zedong have seen a profound reexamination of a more basic question: to what extent are the root problems of the system due to Chinese socialism and Marxism generally? Here Yan Sun gathers a remarkable group of primary materials, drawn from an unusual range of sources, to present the most systematic and comprehensive study of post-Mao reappraisal of China's socialist theory and practice. Rejecting an assumption often made in the West, that Chinese socialist thought has little bearing on politics and policymaking, Sun takes the arguments of the post-Mao era seriously on their own terms. She identifies the major factions in the debate, reveals the interplay among official and unofficial forces, and charts the development of the debate from an initially parochial concern with problems raised by Chinese practice to a grand critique of the theory of socialism itself. She concludes with an enlightening comparison of the reassessments undertaken by Deng Xiaoping with those of Gorbachev, linking them to the divergent outcomes of reform and revolution in their respective countries.

A Foreign Affairs Best Book of the Year A BBC History Magazine Best Book of the Year "Excellent...A fascinating, authoritative account of the paths for China's future explored during a decade long buried by official, state-sponsored history."--Julia Lovell, Foreign Policy "A vivid and readable account...Exceptionally well-researched." --Andrew Nathan, Foreign Affairs "The definitive book on China in the 1980s in terms of the depth of research and originality of the argument." ―Minxin Pei, author of The Sentinel State "A gift to our understanding of today's China."―Evan Osnos, author of Age of Ambition On a hike in Guangdong Province in January 1984, Deng Xiaoping was warned that his path was a steep and treacherous one. "Never turn back," the Chinese leader replied. That became a mantra as the government forged ahead with reforms in the face of heated contestation over the nation's future. Recovering the debates of China in the 1980s, Julian Gewirtz traces the Communist Party's diverse attitudes toward markets, state control, and sweeping technological change, as well as freewheeling public argument over political liberalization. Deng Xiaoping's administration considered bold proposals from within the party and without, but after Tiananmen, Beijing systematically erased these discussions of alternative directions. Using newly available Chinese sources, Gewirtz details how the leadership purged the key reformist politician Zhao Ziyang, quashed the student movement, recast the transformations of the 1980s as the inevitable products of consensus, and indoctrinated China and the international community in the new official narrative. Never Turn Back offers a revelatory look at how different China's rise might have been and at the foundations of strongman rule under Xi Jinping, who has intensified the policing of history to bolster his own authority.

This book covers the whole system of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, dealing with Deng Xiaoping's theory, the socialist market economy, a moderately well-off (Xiaokang) society, China's practice and theory of socialist democracy, human rights, and Xi Jinping's Marxism. In short, the resolute focus is the Reform and Opening-Up.   Socialism with Chinese Characteristics is one of the most important global realities today. However, the concept and its practice remain largely misunderstood outside China. This book sets to redress such a lack of knowledge, by making available to non-Chinese speakers the sophisticated debates and conclusions in China concerning socialism with Chinese Characteristics. It presents this material in a way that is both accessible and thorough.

China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has succeeded in producing more than a decade of phenomenal growth. Whilst similar reforms in countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have seen an initial downturn in production, usually with a significant rise in unemployment, the success of the approach taken by China has been remarkable. However, China embarked upon the process, without a well-designed blueprint at the outset. The resulting piecemeal, partial, incremental, and often experimental approach has proved complicated to implement - requiring a complex melding of politics and economics, internal and foreign affairs, government and market. How the difficult task of balancing the diverse array of often competing concerns has been achieved is the subject of this book, which examines the dismantling of the centrally planned system and the mechanism of institutional change in Chinese transition.

China's post-Mao economic reforms have generated and sustained economic growth, unprecedented rises in real income and living standards, and have transformed a long-time insular economy into a major trading nation. China now figures prominently in international policy debates about what is to be done to transform the stagnating economies of Eastern Europe. As a gradual rather than an abrupt transition to the market, with public industry protected rather than subject to privatization, China's reform path has confounded the widespread and deeply held belief that gradual reform and public ownership simply cannot work.The contributions to this volume draw out the policy and theoretical implications of China's transitional economy. They lay out the notable features of China's reform path, analyse the successes and failures of the reform, and discuss whether they can be sustained, or whether the uncertain leadership transition, growing potential for social instability, and continuing problems of unemployment, uprooted rural populations, deepening political corruption, and declining central power point to a future fraught with risk and instability.After an introduction and overview by the editor, the first two chapters ask whether China enjoyed advantages that may have made its reform path easier than those of Eastern European countries. The next four chapters examine various dimensions of China's economy: agricultural commerce, property rights, foreign trade, and macroeconomic stability. Two subsequent chapters examine the role of political institutions, and the final chapter, synthesising the lessons of China's reforms, critiques the dogmatism of some economic analysis and calls for greater institutional and historical realism.

This paper reviews China's experience with market-oriented reform since 1978, including domestic reforms, the opening of the economy to foreign trade and investment, and the decentralization of decision making. It identifies special conditions that may have affected China's capacity to implement reforms, assesses the impact of the reforms on the structure of the economy and on its integration into the world economy, examines the effect of the reforms on macroeconomic management and stability, and draws implications for the direction of China's future reform strategy.

Using a historical, comparative and analytic approach grounded in mainstream economics, the authors develop a consistent and rational framework of state-owned enterprises and individual agents to analyze the internal logic of the traditional Chinese planning system. In this revised edition, the authors update the data and information in the book and include a new chapter on the impact of China's WTO accession on its reform.

This book explores China's history beginning in 1978, and follows the country's economic and social reform well into the 1990s. As well as studying the political evolution of the period and rural and industrial economic reform, the book covers topics such as law, foreign relations, and problems of the environment.

A bold new history of the Deng years by a leading China scholar Unlike the former Soviet Union and the once "socialist" countries of Eastern Europe, China's current economy is now the world's second largest and most rapidly growing. Remarkably, today's problems in China are spiritual in nature-"a crisis of faith"-stemming from the clash between capitalist realities and lingering socialist values and ideas. The Deng Xiaoping Era is the story of that crisis and of Deng Xiaoping's promise of socialist democracy that has degenerated into bureaucratic capitalism. Maurice Meisner shows how the social contract between the Chinese Communist Party and the people was grossly violated by the Deng regime, and why capitalism has emerged as the dynamic force in today's socioeconomic and cultural life. Now, after more than a decade of capitalist reforms, he argues that Chinese spiritual malaise is deepening with the brutal suppression of the 1989 Democracy Movement and its politically repressive aftermath. This is an indispensable study of contemporary Chinese history-from the Chinese Revolution and the founding of the Maoist state to the establishment of the Deng regime and the social consequences of Deng's reforms-as well as a formidable analysis of the failure of the world's greatest socialist experiment.

This book is an investigation into China's reform process during the period 1979 to 1987, with especial reference to the effect of the process on the industries (mostly manufacturing) that are still owned by the state. The data on which this book is based results from a large-scale study in which the authors collaborated with the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing. This was a survey of the managers of about 380 enterprises, documenting their responses to the new environment created by the reforms. The statistical information gained has been used as the basis for detailed econometric analysis. This book analyses, drawing on the authors' expertise in industrial economics, virtually every aspect of enterprise behaviour - production and costs, employment, profit margins and profitability, finance, investment decisions, and autonomy. It asks whether the reform programme was successful in the state-owned sectors, and concludes that the answer is a qualified `yes', and that in many respects the enterprises began in the eighties to behave like Western firms. Hay and Morris also construct a model of Chinese state-owned enterprise, and use it to simulate the results of further reform programmes. The authors conclude that state-ownership remains a major constraint on market-led behaviour and efficiency. They argue that the next stage of reform must be to transfer these large enterprises to share- rather than state-ownership.

This book provides a clear, yet intricate understanding of the issues, focusing on the state industrial enterprises and affirming that a policy of gradualism was politically prudent in the 1980s and 90s given the political constraints and resistance to reforms by some labor groups. It depicts the delicate balance between state owned enterprises and domestic worker dissatisfaction.

In our quickly changing world, authors who are analyzing the so­ cial, economic, and political processes going on in different countries often find themselves in a situation where the deve­ lopment of processes they have already described take a turn in another direction before their work is in final form or appears in print. As a consequence, some of their statements are no lon­ ger valid. More rarely it occurs that after the writing of a book presenting a reform process covering 10 years (the writing itself taking one and a half years), exceptional events take place in the given country (within 1 or 2 months of the delivery of the manuscript) that indicate a sharp break in this process, one that makes it doubtful whether the process can continue along the same channel. This is what has happened to this text and to its author at the beginning of June, 1989, when in Beijing - after the brutal suppression of student demonstrations and of protests lasting several weeks - the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Zhao Ziyang, was relieved of his office and arrested, along with several other prominent repre­ sentatives of reform policy and reform endeavors of the past decade. The manuscript of this book was handed over to the pub­ lisher on May 4, 1989, for editing. Immediately thereafter I left for nearly 2 months in the United States; consequently, I did not receive the manuscript again until in early July.

First published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

In the past decade, China was able to carry out economic reform without political reform, while the Soviet Union attempted the opposite strategy. How did China succeed at economic market reform without changing communist rule? Susan Shirk shows that Chinese communist political institutions are more flexible and less centralized than their Soviet counterparts were. Shirk pioneers a rational choice institutional approach to analyze policy-making in a non-democratic authoritarian country and to explain the history of Chinese market reforms from 1979 to the present. Drawing on extensive interviews with high-level Chinese officials, she pieces together detailed histories of economic reform policy decisions and shows how the political logic of Chinese communist institutions shaped those decisions. Combining theoretical ambition with the flavor of on-the-ground policy-making in Beijing, this book is a major contribution to the study of reform in China and other communist countries.

This work includes every Supreme Court case relevant to gender and sexual equality from 1787 to the end of the 1999/2000 term. It is a primary document reference book, organized in eight chapters, including civil and social rights and duties; morality and sexual ethics; and education policies.

Socialism, economic system, economic policy trends, China since 1976 - land reform, land ownership, privatization in the agricultural sector, industrial management, wage structure, competition, profitability, foreign investment, joint ventures with multinational enterprises, international division of labour, role of USA, capitalist influences, social implications. Bibliography, map.

A planned economy system was set up in China after the establishment of the PRC in 1949, and its reform was launched in 1978. The reform has gone on for 20 years and has achieved globally recognized success. China's economy is now in the course of transforming from a planned economy into a socialist market economy. This book summarizes the successful experiences and points out the difficulties of the deep reform and the prospects for the 21st century. Rich in historical data and material, it provides valuable information for readers from universities, institutions and enterprises as well as government officials -- whoever is interested in China and its economic reform.The author, a famous Chinese economist, has been involved in the leadership of the Chinese economic system's reform since its launch in 1979. In 1998 he was invited by the World Bank to give a series of seminars on China's economic reform, and most of the contents of those seminars are included in this book.