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Philippines: HIST 296 ("WWII & Making of Modern Asia/Pacific")

Identity, Philippine History, Culture and Connections, Filipinos in Hawaii and the U.S., Philippines in an interconnected world and Community Engagement and Civic Action

The Philippine Decolonization as an Anomaly

 

            On December 8, 1941, Japan launched an attack on Commonwealth of the Philippines, ten hours after their attack on Pearl Harbor. The Philippines at this time was a semi-independent commonwealth government under the colonial rule of the United States of America. Filipino and American soldiers were defeated a the Battle of Bataan and the Battle of Corregidor in April 1942. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945 during WWII. Filipinos staged guerrilla resistance against the Japanese until 1945. The Philippines was liberated from Japanese control by Allied forces in 1944. The Philippines was granted full independence by the United States in 1946. 

 

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105238&p=687099 

NATION BUILDING 

Corpuz, Onofre D. The Roots of the Filipino Nation. Aklahi Foundation, 1989.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9915985194605682

Abinales, Patricio N. Modern Philippines. 1st ed., Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022,

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/19ki38g/cdi_askewsholts_vlebooks_9798216118688

Weekley, Kathleen. “The National or the Social? Problems of Nation-Building in Post-World War II Philippines.” Third World Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1, 2006, pp. 85–100,

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/19ki38g/cdi_jstor_primary_4017661

Rowe, Peter, and Yun Fu. Southeast Asian Modern : From Roots to Contemporary Turns. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035624595.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9951227714005682

 

THE PHILIPPINES DURING WWII 

 

Ross, R. J. (1993). The Philippines in World War II Surveys. Philippine Studies, 41(2), 242–250. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42633374

Yu-Jose, L. N. (1996). World War II and the Japanese in the Prewar Philippines. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 27(1), 64–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20071758

Netzorg, M. J., & Mojares, R. B. (1981). CEBU IN WORLD WAR II AND TO INDEPENDENCE (DECEMBER 8, 1941 - JULY 4, 1946): A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 9(3), 225–255. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791731

José, R. T. (2001). War and Violence, History and Memory: The Philippine Experience of the Second World War. Asian Journal of Social Science, 29(3), 457–470. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23653960

Rasor, E. L. (1995). “General Douglas MacArthur, the Philippines, and Strategic Decisions of World War II: A Survey of the Literature.” International Social Science Review, 70(1/2), 15–25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41882162

Hart, D. V. (1965). Central Philippines University’s World War II: Manuscript Collection. The Journal of Asian Studies, 25(1), 123–123. https://doi.org/10.2307/2051045

Farrell, J. F. (2012). THE BAMBOO FLEET: HOW A RAGTAG AIRLIFT OPERATION SUPPORTED BESIEGED U.S. FORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES IN WORLD WAR II. Air Power History, 59(2), 14–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26276176

SERIZAWA, T. (2015). Japanese Solidarity Discourse on the Philippines during the Second World War. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 63(1), 71–100. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24672308

Johnson, M. (2013). [Army History] THE RAID ON CABANATUAN: WORLD WAR II’S GREATEST RESCUE MISSION. On Point, 18(3), 36–42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26363221

Robinson, L., Johnston, P. B., & Oak, G. S. (2016). U.S.-Philippine Relations in Historical Perspective. In U.S. Special Operations Forces in the Philippines, 2001–2014 (pp. 9–16). RAND Corporation. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt1cd0md9.9

Valerie N. Wieskamp. (2013). The Nurses of Bataan: Liberating Wartime Heroes from Melodrama. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 16(1), 29–58. https://doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.16.1.0029

Danquah, F. K. (2005). Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan’s English Language Press. Agricultural History, 79(1), 74–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3744878

CHAPUT, D. (1987). The Miner Warriors of the Philippines. Philippine Studies, 35(1), 51–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42632984

Hall, C. L. (1954). U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. The Fall of the Philippines. The Military Engineer, 46(311), 189–190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44570116

Shaffer, R. (2012). “Partly Disguised Imperialism”: American Critical Internationalists and Philippine Independence. The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 19(3/4), 235–262. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23613137

World War II in the Philippines: The National WWII Museum: New Orleans. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. (n.d.). https://www.nationalww2museum.org/events/educational-travel/world-war-ii-philippines/world-war-ii-philippines-march-16-24-2024

Comparison of proposed blueprints for Philippine rehabilitation and development. (1947). Dept. of State, Division of Research for Far East.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma99611574605682

Dow, M. W. (1965). Counterinsurgency and nation-building : a comparative study of post-World War II anti-guerilla resettlement programs in Malaya, the Philippines and South Vietnam. University Microfilms.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma99433834605682

Hong-yun, Y. (2011). Evolvement of Philippine-US Relations and Its Impact on Ethnic Relationship between China and Philippines after World War II. Hefei gong ye da xue xue bao. She hui ke xue ban, 25(1), 62–68.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/19ki38g/cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_887498282

Hogben, P. (2022). Imagining Manila’s future: Advertising’s ideals for postwar reconstruction. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore), 53(1–2), 277–308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463422000157

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/19ki38g/cdi_proquest_journals_2709614903

Semiannual report of the United States Philippine War Damage Commission. (1946). U.S. G.P.O.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9923407774605682

Malloryk. (2020, August 31). Liberation of the Philippines 1945: The National WWII Museum: New Orleans. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/liberation-of-philippines-cecilia-gaerlan

Hartmut Berghoff, F. B. (2018). Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I (1st ed., Vol. 22). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04ksk

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/19ki38g/cdi_askewsholts_vlebooks_9781789200294

Yung, Y. W. (1995). Huaqiao Warriors, The: Chinese Resistance Movement in the Philippines, 1942-45 (1st ed.). Hong Kong University Press.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/19ki38g/cdi_jstor_books_j_ctt2jc2wp

Frank, R. B. (2020). Tower of skulls : a history of the Asia-Pacific war, July 1937-May 1942 (First edition.). W.W. Norton & Company.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9951061044705682

Bhagowati, S. K. (2014). Women in Southeast Asia : Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, Timor, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei. New Century Publications.

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9936152484605682

Koh, Ernest., & Twomey, Christina. (2015). The Pacific war : aftermaths, remembrance and culture (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315815541

https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1j16209/alma9951198546805682

Honoring Asian-American service in World War I. www.army.mil. (2021, May 25). https://www.army.mil/article/245998/honoring_asian_american_service_in_world_war_i

 

 

PHILIPPINE OCCUPATION

 

Lear, E. N. (1961). The Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Leyte, 1941-1945. Southeast Asia Program, Dept. of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995301844605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS684.4 .L4 

Salazar, G. P., Reyes, F. R., & Nuval, L. Q. (1993). World War II in the Philippines. Veterans Federation of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917184624605682Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 U713

Horner, L. (1973). Japanese military administration in Malaya and the Philippines. University of Arizona. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99442354605682 Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFILM S10774 

Santos, A. L., & Constantino, R. (1992). Under Japanese rule : memories and reflections. Foundation for Nationalist Studies, Inc. and BYSCH, Tokyo. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9923560584605682Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .U53 1992

Ikehata, S., & Jose, R. T. (1999). The Philippines under Japan: occupation policy and reaction. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920335334605682Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .N55613 1999 

Ikehata, S., & Sta. Romana, E. R. (1991). The Japanese military administration in the Philippines and the tragedy of General Artemio Ricarte. Dept. of Japanese Studies, National University of Singapore. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916703754605682Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .I34 1991

Japanese occupation papers in the U.P. collection. (1945). [University of the Philippines Library]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996500414605682 Location: Hamilton Asia Reference (Library Use Only) DS686.4 .U55 1945 

Jose, R. T., & Yu-Jose, L. N. (1997). The Japanese occupation of the Philippines : a pictorial history (First edition.). Ayala Foundation, Inc. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920460414605682Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .J67 1997 

It took four years for the rising sun to set, 1941-1945: recollections of an unforgettable ordeal. (2001). De La Salle University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9925149844605682Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .I8 2001 

Foronda, M. A. (1975). Cultural life in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. Philippine National Historical Society.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998862194605682 Location:  Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .F67

Firth, R. H. (1962). Why the Philippines fell: the Japanese invasion 1941-1942.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998477694605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .F47 

 

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

Apr 9, 1942 – Apr 17, 1942

https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105238&p=687105&preview=45b21e957570d87b56496e6e79f98576

           During World War II, on April 9, 1942, 75,000 United States soldiers and Filipino soldiers surrendered to Japanese forces after months of battling in extreme-climate conditions. They were forced to march 80 miles across the Bataan Peninsula. Approximately 10,000 soldiers died (1,000 Americans and 9,000 Filipinos).

 

 

RESISTANCE AGAINST THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

 

            Local resistance to colonialism has a long history in Southeast Asia. There were many rebellions that drew on religion and traditional ideas of power to express their opposition to the outsiders. 

           These rebellions continued during the Japanese Occupation. In the Philippines there was an extensive Philippine resistance movement, which opposed the Japanese and their collaborators with active underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years.


 

  1. Uriarte, H. de. (1962). A Basque among the guerrillas of Negros. (1st ed.). Editor of Civismo weekly. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991834804605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 U713

  2. Javellana, D. C. (2003). Bolomen. InterFormat AV Manila. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma992269736460568 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 J38 2003 

  3. Jamboy, E. M. (Evelyn M., Lacar, L. Q., & Puno, G. T. (1985). The resistance movement in Lanao 1942-1945. Coordination Center for Research and Development, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910690344605682Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 J3 1985

  4. Victoria, V. N. de la. (1971). A history of the resistance movement against the Japanese Imperial Forces in Negros Island, 1942-1945. University of San Carlos. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99512104605682 Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 157

  5. Richardson, H. (1957). One-man war: the Jock McLaren story . Angus and Robertson. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998747974605682 Location: Hamilton Pacific (Library Use Only) D767 .R53

  6. Doromal, J. D. (1952). The war in Panay; a documentary history of the resistance movement in Panay during World War II. ([1st ed.].). Diamond Historical Publications. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991834794605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 D67

  7. Ancheta, C. A. (1977). Triumph in the Philippines, 1941-1946: the saga of Bataan and Corregidor. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998766714605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D767.4 .U55 1977 

  8. Ponan, F. Z. (1968). The history of the resistance movement in Antique during the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99509424605682 Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 140 

  9. Llanes, J. L. (1972). Jose L. Llanes guerrilla papers: a register. [University of the Philippines Library]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996500384605682 Location: Hamilton Asia Reference (Library Use Only) D802.P52 I46 1972 

  10. Peralta, L. Y. (1972). Who is who: Philippine guerrilla movement 1942-1945 ([1st ed.). https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991928704605682 Location: Hamilton Asia Reference (Library Use Only) D802.P5 P47

  11. Silliman, R. B. (1980). Pocket of resistance : guerrilla warfare in Negros Island, the Philippines . Philippine Editions. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998991134605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 S536

  12. Liang, S., Cai, J. H., & Sy, J. (1998). The Wha Chi memoirs. Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919030784605682  Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P6 L535 1998 

  13. Baclagon, U. S. (1988). Christian-Moslem guerrillas of Mindanao.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910996524605682Location: Hamilton  Asia D802.P52 M56 1988 

  14. Chung, J. G. (1989). For Love of Country: Saga of Ruperto K. Kangleon and the Leyte Guerrillas (First edition.) https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9915833394605682Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 C48 1989 

  15. Volckmann, R. W. (1954). We remained: three years behind the enemy lines in the Phillipines (First edition.). W. W. Norton & Company. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9940087064605682Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 V62 1954 

  16. Willoughby, C. A. (1972). The guerrilla resistance movement in the Philippines : 1941-1945 (1st ed.). Vantage Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9914444054605682Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 W47 

  17. Yung Li, Y. (1995). The Huaqiao warriors: Chinese resistance movement in the Philippines, 1942-45 . Hong Kong University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917312594605682Location: Hamilton Asia D767.4 .Y86 1995 

  18. Tuazon, R. L. (1975). The history of the resistance movement in La Union during the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99509934605682 Location: Hamilton  Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 418 

  19. Kerkvliet, B. J. (1972). Peasant rebellion in the Philippines: the origins and growth of the HMB. Thesis - University of Wisconsin. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995182274605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.5 .K47 

  20. Dowlen, D. D., & Kaminski, T. (2001). Enduring what cannot be endured : memoir of a woman medical aide in the Philippines in World War II. McFarland. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920804514605682Location: Hamilton Asia D811.5 .D644 2001 

  21. Villamor, J. A., & Snyder, G. S. (1982). They never surrendered: a true story of resistance in World War II. Vera-Reyes. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999189234605682 

    Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 V53 1982 

  22. Ishida, J. (2001). The remains of war: apology and forgiveness. Megabooks. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921568114605682Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .I37 2001 

Database

  1. Kaminski, T. (2015). Angels of the underground: The american women who resisted the japanese in the philippines in world war ii. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910924121105681 

    Database: Proquest Ebook CentralDirect link: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uhm/detail.action?docID=4083567 

  2. Montgomery, B. (2016). Leper Spy: The Story of an Unlikely Hero of World War II. Chicago Review Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910861923805681  

    Database:  eBook Public Library Collection (EBSCOhost)Direct link: http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e700xna&AN=1292196&site=ehost-live 

  3. Holmes, K. (2015). Wendell fertig and his guerrilla forces in the philippines: Fighting the japanese occupation, 1942–1945. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910818764005681 

    Database: Proquest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uhm/detail.action?docID=2008625 

WAR CRIMES - Filipina Comfort Women


1.  Philippine c̀omfort women’ compensation suit : excerpts of the complaint. (1993). Task Force on Filipino Comfort Women.

https://uhawaiimanoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996070554605682

Location: UH Manoa Hamilton Library Asia D810.C698 P45 1993

 

2. Calica, D. P., & Sancho, N. (1993). War crimes on Asian women : military sexual slavery by Japan during World War II : the case of the filipino comfort women . Task Force on Filipina Victims of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.

https://uhawaiimanoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996103124605682

Location: UH Mānoa Hamilton Library Asia HQ1757 .W28 1993a

 

 

 

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